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Electron Micrograph of a Human T Cell  Introduction : Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are whole-blood tests that can aid in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This test is used to diagnose TB when site specific sample is not available. This is blood based TB test. They do not help differentiate latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from tuberculosis disease. This could help in prompt intervention resulting in the preventionof an active TB disease. Latent Tuberculosis:  Latent tuberculosis (TB) infection is a non-communicable form of tubercular infection in which, the patient is not symptomatic. In latent tuberculosis, the TB infection persists for a long period of time (may last for years). When an individual’s immune system decreases due to a variety of reasons, the infection may become active and cause an active tuberculosis disease Other Brand Name : TB Feron, TB Gold, TB Platinum, Quantiferon Features of IGRAs : Interferon ...

Introduction:  DST is used to detect resistance of Drugs used in Tuberculosis. So through this test we try to find out which drug is sensitive to TB Bacteria. Pre-test Requirement:  For DST positive cultured sample is required. Culture Medium: Mainly two medium is used to perform DST testing: MGIT(Liquid Culture): Fast Method(15-28 Days)  Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) is intended for the detection and recovery of mycobacteria. The MGIT Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube contains 4 mL of modified Middlebrook 7H9 Broth base. The machine used for this purpose is of two main types: MGIT 960:  MGIT 960 This instrument is produced by Becton Dickinson (BD). The BD BACTEC MGIT 960 system is for high-volume mycobacteria growth, detection and susceptibility testing and is designed to meet the needs of medium- and high-volume laboratories.  It is specially designed to accommodate Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (M...

Dear Two Wheeler Riders. In recent times we have seen a lot of accidents and unfortunate road events and lost many of brothers. I request all of you to please comply to all safety norms, so that you return home safely to your loved ones each and every time. I am listing few caution points as per my experience: 1) Drive in proper lane and below 45-50 Km/Hr 2) Maintain a safe distance from other vehicles 3) Avoid over speeding, overtaking as much as possible 4) Never stop right behind or ahead of a vehicle 5) Avoid driving in night, plan accordingly and travel between 7AM to 7 PM. 6) If late or away from home at sunset make a night stay. 7) Don't stretch your self too much for long routes 8) Take frequent tea brakes at every 50-75 km 9) Keep your vehicle maintained 10) Use horn to make others aware of your path and presence 11) Stop in case of poor visibility or unexpected animal movement 12) Don't use mobile phones while driving 13) Wear prot...

Introduction:  This is a test used for diagnosis chromosomal abnormalities, nural tube defects, genetic disorders or infection in fetus. The sample of amniotic fluid (less than one ounce) is removed through a fine needle inserted into the uterus through the abdomen, under ultrasound guidance. The accuracy for this test is approx 94%. Time of This Test: Amniocentesis is done by trained Doctor during early part of 2nd trimester of pregnancy (usually between16-18 weeks) Specimen: Amniotic Fluid Risk and Drawback of this Test: Performing this test earlier may lead to fetal injury. Complication of amniocentesis is preterm labor and delivery, postural deformities, chorioamineonitits, fetal trauma etc. Following are the main risks of Amniocentesis: 1. Infection to Mother or Fetus 2. Needle injury 3. Infection 4. Infection Transmission 5. Leaking amniotic fluid through Vagina 6. Miscarriage(6% cases) etc. Use of Amniotic Fluid Test or Amniocentesis: It de...

Gene Xpert Machine Introduction: This test is used to diagnose active MTB(Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) with Rifampicin resistance at initial stage. This test is developed by FIND(Foundation for Innovative New Diagnotics) with some parteners. This is a WHO endorsed test performed by fully automated NAAT(Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and can be performed in less than 2 hours. It detect 98-100% of smear +ve cases and 72- 90% of smear -ve cases. Other Names : CB-NAAT (Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test), Xpert MTB/RIF  Alarming Situation:  WHO estimates that 5% of TB cases are multidrug-resistant and about 9% of MDR - TB patients develop XDR - TB, which is even more difficult to treat.   Features of Gene Xpert: 1. First Choice : Xpert MTB/RIF: used as an initial test replacing phenotypic DST & detected 95% of rifampicin-resistant TB cases. 2. Reliable : Compared to culture, Xpert MTB/RIF detected 88% of TB cases with high ...

Introduction: How to Win Friends and Influence People is incredible book and one of the first best-selling self-help books ever published, Written by Dale Carnegie this is first published in 1936, it has sold more than 30 million copies world-wide. It isn't what you have or who you are or where you are or what you are doing that makes you happy or unhappy. It is what you think about it This book definitely change your perception towards people around & also it teaches you a lot how you see & judge other About Author Dale Carnegie: Dale Breckenridge Carnegie born in November 24, 1888 and death in November 1, 1955; was an American writer and lecturer and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln, titled Lincoln the Unknown, as well as several other books. Carnegie died at Forest Hills, New York, and w...

Definition: The definition of luck (or chance ) varies by the philosophical, religious, mystical and emotional context of the one interpreting it. Success or failure apparently brought by chance rather than through one's own actions The chance happening of fortunate or adverse events.  Good fortune or prosperity; success....to gain success or something desirable by chance: “I lucked out in finding that rare book.”     Practical Aspects of Luck: Luck has three aspects which make it distinct from chance or probability.     Luck can be good or bad.     Luck can be accident or chance.     Luck applies to a sentient being. Some examples of luck:     Finding a valuable object or money.     Winning an event despite negative logical assumptions.     You correctly guess an answer in a quiz which you did not know.     Avoiding an accident at t...

Any human being get out of laziness by following ways only Either: 1. Greed :  Greed Makes you do something. When we thing about benefits of anything it create energy to do that thing. 2. Love :  When you are in love of something, you will out of laziness. If you have a vision to what you who you want to be then you will be out of laziness. 3. Fear Think what can you arose in you......you will be out of laziness

Introduction:  Basically this is poem written by Amir Khusro in 14th Century.  छाप तिलक सब छीनी रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके You've taken away my looks, my identity, by just a glance. बात अगम कर दिनी रे तो से नैना मिलाई के You've said the unknown, by just a glance. प्रेम भटी का मदवा पिलाइके By making me drink the wine from the love of devotion मतवारी कर लीन्ही रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके You've intoxicated me by just a glance; गोरी गोरी बईयाँ, हरी हरी चूड़ियाँ My fair, delicate wrists with green bangles in them बईयाँ पकड़ धर लीन्ही रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके Have been taken off by you with just a glance. बल बल जाऊं मैं तोरे रंग रजवा I give my life to you, Oh my cloth-dyer, अपनी सी रंग दीन्ही रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके You've dyed me like yourself, by just a glance. खुसरो निजाम के बल बल जाए I give my whole life to you Oh, Nizam, मोहे सुहागन कीन्ही रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके You've made me your bride, by just a glance. छाप तिलक सब छीनी रे मोसे नैना मिलाइके You've taken...