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Amniocentesis or Amniotic Fluid Test (AFT)

Introduction: 

This is a test used for diagnosis chromosomal abnormalities, nural tube defects, genetic disorders or infection in fetus. The sample of amniotic fluid (less than one ounce) is removed through a fine needle inserted into the uterus through the abdomen, under ultrasound guidance. The accuracy for this test is approx 94%.

Time of This Test:

Amniocentesis is done by trained Doctor during early part of 2nd trimester of pregnancy (usually between16-18 weeks)

Specimen: Amniotic Fluid


Risk and Drawback of this Test:

Performing this test earlier may lead to fetal injury. Complication of amniocentesis is preterm labor and delivery, postural deformities, chorioamineonitits, fetal trauma etc. Following are the main risks of Amniocentesis:
1. Infection to Mother or Fetus
2. Needle injury
3. Infection
4. Infection Transmission
5. Leaking amniotic fluid through Vagina
6. Miscarriage(6% cases)
etc.

Use of Amniotic Fluid Test or Amniocentesis:

It detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. Aminiotic fluid is taken from Amniotic sac surrounding the fetus. In the Amniotic fluid DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.

Who Should go for this Test?

Amniocentesis or Amniotic fluid test presents a small risk for both the mother and her baby, so this test is offered to women who have a significant risk for genetic diseases, including those who:
1. Have an abnormal ultrasound
2. Have a family history of certain birth defects
3. Have previously had a child or pregnancy with a birth defect

What you Should do after Amniocentais or Amniotic Fluid Test?

Go home and relax for the remainder of the day. You should not exercise or perform any strenuous activity, lift anything over 20 pounds (including children), and you should avoid sexual relations.

In which condition You should Consult to Doctor?

If you develop a fever or have bleeding, vaginal discharge, or abdominal pain that is more severe than cramps.

When You will get Report of Amniocentesis or Amniotic Fluid Test?

In between 1 to 3 Weeks depending on different tests.

What are main diagnostic tests performed with Amniotic fluid?

  1. TEST NAME- BETA THALASSEMIA MUTATION DETECTION, TECHNOLOGY: MULTIPLEX DNA POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
  2. TEST NAME- CYTOGENETICS: PRENATAL AMNIOTIC FLUID FISH; TECHNOLOGY: FISH OR KARYOTYPING OR BOTH
  3. TEST NAME- MATERNAL SCREENING; TECHNOLOGY- KARYOTYPING
  4. TEST NAME- MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY TYPE 1 (DM1) - PNDT; TECHNOLOGY- PCR-SEQUENCING
  5. TEST NAME- RUBELLA RNA PCR; TECHNOLOGY- NESTED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE PCR
  6. TEST NAME-SICKLE CELL DNA PCR PND; TECHNOLOGY- PCR
  7. TEST NAME- SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY MICRODELETION PCR PNDT; TECHNOLOGY- PCR SEQUENCING
  8. THALASSEMIA; ALPHA OR BETA THALASSEMIA MUTATION DETECTION; TECHNOLOGY- MULTIPLEX DNA POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
  9. TEST NAME- TORCH PCR; TECHNOLOGY- PCR
  10. TEST NAME- Toxoplasma gondii PCR; TECHNOLOGY- NESTED PCR
  11. TEST NAME- VZV PCR; TECHNOLOGY- PCR

References:
1. The word amniocentesis itself indicates precisely the procedure in question, Gr. ἀμνίον amníon being the "inner membrane round the foetus" and κέντησις kéntēsis meaning "pricking", i.e. its puncture in order to retrieve some amniotic fluid.
2. "Diagnostic Tests – Amniocentesis". Harvard Medical School. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
3. Dungan, Jeffrey S.; Elias, Sherman (November 2008). "Prenatal Diagnostic Testing". The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
4. Medina, T. M.; Hill, D. A. (2006). "Preterm premature rupture of membranes: Diagnosis and management". American family physician. 73 (4): 659–664. PMID 16506709.
5. Kenyon, Anna P; Abi-Nader, Khalil N; Pandya, Pranav P (2010). "Pre-Term Pre-Labour Rupture of Membranes and the Role of Amniocentesis". Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review. 21 (2): 75–88. doi:10.1017/S096553951000001X.
6. Seeds, JW (August 2004). "Diagnostic mid trimester amniocentesis: how safe?". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 191 (2): 607–15. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.05.078. PMID 15343248.
7. Sundberg K; Bang J; Smidt-Jensen S; et al. (September 1997). "Randomised study of risk of fetal loss related to early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling". Lancet. 350 (9079): 697–703. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02449-5. PMID 9291904.
8. Amniocentesis Risk Overrated?. Webmd.com (2006-11-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-22.
9. a b [1]. Committee opinion, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
10.  Eddleman, Keith A.; Malone, Fergal D.; Sullivan, Lisa; Dukes, Kim; Berkowitz, Richard L.; Kharbutli, Yara; Porter, T Flint; Luthy, David A.; et al. (2006). "Pregnancy loss rates after midtrimester amniocentesis". Obstet Gynecol. 108 (5): 1067–72. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000240135.13594.07. PMID 17077226.
11. Rhoads, George G.; Jackson, Laird G.; Schlesselman, Sarah E.; De La Cruz, Felix F.; Desnick, Robert J.; Golbus, Mitchell S.; Ledbetter, David H.; Lubs, Herbert A.; et al. (1989). "The safety and efficacy of chorionic villus sampling for early prenatal diagnosis of cytogenetic abnormalities". New England Journal of Medicine. 320 (10): 609–17. doi:10.1056/NEJM198903093201001. PMID 2645520.
12. Dodgson J, Martin J, Boswell J, Goodall HB, Smith R (May 1987). "Probable amniotic fluid embolism precipitated by amniocentesis and treated by exchange transfusion". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 294 (6583): 1322–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.294.6583.1322. PMC 1246486Freely accessible. PMID 3109636.
13. Lock, M & Nguyen, V 2010, An Anthropology of Biomedicine, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
14. Rapp, R 1998, ‘Refusing Prenatal Diagnosis: The Meanings of Bioscience in a Multicultural World’, Science, Technology, & Human Values, vol. 23, no.1. pp. 45-70.
15. Weiss, Rick (2007-01-08). "Scientists See Potential In Amniotic Stem Cells". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
16. De Coppi P, Bartsch G, Siddiqui MM, et al. (January 2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nat. Biotechnol. 25 (1): 100–6. doi:10.1038/nbt1274. PMID 17206138.
17. "Stem Cells – BiocellCenter". Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
18. "Stem cells scientific updates – BiocellCenter". Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
19. "European Biotech Company Biocell Center Opens First united state Facility for Preservation of Amniotic Stem Cells in Medford, Massachusetts | Reuters". 2009-10-22. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
20.  "Europe's Biocell Center opens Medford office – Daily Business Update – The Boston Globe". 2009-10-22. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
21.  "The Ticker - BostonHerald.com". Retrieved 2010-01-11.
22. "Biocell partner with largest New England's hospital group to preserve amniotic stem cell". Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
23. http://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/amniocentesis#1

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